塑料的发明人是?
列奥·亨德里克·贝克兰。第一种完全合成的塑料出自美籍比利时人列奥·亨德里克·贝克兰，1907年7月14日，他注册了酚醛塑料的专利。贝克兰是鞋匠和女仆的儿子，1863年生于比利时根特。1884年，21岁的贝克兰获得根特大学博士学位，24岁时就成为比利时布鲁日高等师范学院的物理和化学教授。1889年，刚刚娶了大学导师的女儿，贝克兰又获得一笔旅行奖学金，到美国从事化学研究。在哥伦比亚大学的查尔斯·钱德勒教授鼓励下，贝克兰留在美国，为纽约一家摄影供应商工作。这使他几年后发明了Velox照相纸，这种相纸可以在灯光下而不是必须在阳光下才能显影。1893年，贝克兰辞职创办了Nepera化学公司。扩展资料：材料特性：1、 耐化学侵蚀。2、 具光泽，部份透明或半透明。3、 大部分为良好绝缘体。4、 质量轻且坚固。5、 加工容易可大量生产，价格便宜。6、 用途广泛、效用多、容易着色、部分耐高温。参考资料来源：百度百科-塑料参考资料来源：百度百科-列奥·亨德里克·贝克兰
塑料是谁发明的？
塑料的发明人是帕克斯，在19世纪的50年代，帕克斯查看了处理胶棉的不同方法。他试着把胶棉与樟脑混合，产生了一种可弯曲的硬材料。帕克斯称该物质为“帕克辛”，那是最早的塑料。帕克斯用“帕克辛”制作出了各类物品：梳子、笔、纽扣和珠宝印饰品。然而，帕克斯不大有商业意识，并且还在自己的商业冒险上赔了钱。20世纪时，人们开始挖掘塑料的新用途。几乎家庭里的所有用品都可以由某种塑料制造出来。1909年，美国的贝克兰首次合成了酚醛塑料，它们的出现为此后各种塑料的发明和生产奠定了基础。由于第二次世界大战中石油化学工业的发展，塑料的原料以石油取代了煤炭，塑料制造业也得到飞速的发展。分子结构：第一种是线型结构，具有这种结构的高分子化合物称为线型高分子化合物；第二种是体型结构，具有这种结构的高分子化合称为体型高分子化合物。有些高分子带有支链，称为支链高分子，属于线型结构。两种不同的结构，表现出两种相反的性能。线型结构，加热能熔融，硬度和脆性较小的特点。体型结构硬度和脆性较大。塑料则两种结构的高分子都有，由线型高分子制成的是热塑性塑料，由体型高分子制成的是热固性塑料。
求亨利的生平 要具体的
中文名：蒂埃里·亨利（枪王、Titi、海布里之王、阿森纳国王、大帝） 英文名：Thierry Henry 国籍：法国、马提尼克（法） 生日：1977年8月17日 星座：狮子座 身高：1.88米 体重：83公斤 位置：前锋 最喜欢的球星：马尔科·范·巴斯滕 俱乐部号码：14 国家队号码：12 现效力俱乐部：巴塞罗那俱乐部 曾效力俱乐部：摩纳哥、尤文图斯、阿森纳、巴塞罗那 首次代表国家队参赛：1997年10月11日 法国VS南非 国家队出场纪录：121场（51球 29助攻）【截至2010.06.12】 世界杯参赛次数： 4（1998,2002,2006,2010） 世界杯参加场次：18（5 次替补） 【截至2010.06.12】 总出场时间：1318分钟 【截至2010.06.12】 进球总数：6 红牌：1 【部分荣誉】 国家队荣誉： 1996年代表法国队获19岁以下欧洲青年锦标赛冠军 1998年、2000年代表法国队获哈桑二世国王杯冠军 1998年代表法国队夺得世界杯冠军 2000年代表法国队捧起欧锦赛冠军奖杯 2003年代表法国队获第6届联合会杯冠军 2006年代表法国队夺得世界杯亚军 俱乐部荣誉： 1997年在摩纳哥队获法甲联赛冠军 2002年代表阿森纳队夺得英超联赛冠军 2002年代表阿森纳队夺得足总杯冠军 2002年代表阿森纳队夺得社区盾杯冠军 2003年代表阿森纳队夺得足总杯冠军 2004年代表阿森纳队夺得英超联赛冠军 2004年代表阿森纳队夺得社区盾杯冠军 2005年代表阿森纳队夺得足总杯冠军 2006年代表阿森纳队夺得欧洲冠军杯亚军 2009年代表巴塞罗那队夺得西班牙国王杯冠军 2009年代表巴塞罗那队夺得西甲联赛冠军 2009年代表巴塞罗那队夺得欧洲冠军杯冠军 2008-09赛季帮助球队成为了足球史上第四支,西甲第一支三冠王球队. 2009年代表巴塞罗那队夺得西班牙超级杯冠军 2009年代表巴塞罗那队夺得欧洲超级杯冠军 2009年代表巴塞罗那队夺得了世俱杯冠军 2010年代表巴塞罗那队夺得了西甲联赛冠军 个人荣誉2003年欧洲足球先生第二名 2003年和2004年世界足球先生第二名 2000年、2003年、2004年、2005年和2006年法国足球先生 2003年联合会杯获金球奖和金靴奖 2004年和2006年英超最佳球员 2003/04赛季和2004/05赛季欧洲金靴奖 2001/02赛季、2003/04赛季、2004/05赛季和2005/06赛季英格兰最佳射手 2003年、2004年和2006年英格兰足球先生 【能力评鉴】 亨利是现今世界足坛所有攻击球员当中最具攻击性的前锋，无论在俱乐部及法国国家队都是绝对主力，以快速的步伐，灵敏的盘带能力，丰富的创造性以及惊人的进球能力而闻名，时常在中场开始引球盘带，进而深深吸引球迷。身高188cm，体重83kg的亨利具有一名强力中锋的身体条件。他那令人难以置信的速度和爆发力又令他跑起来象一辆坦克。更与众不同的是，亨利同时还有着令人目眩的控球技术。以上3点结合到一起就是恐怖的锋线游击队员亨利，一旦让他舒服地拿到脚下球，特别是在左边路，任何后卫都难以抵挡住他反复的加速变向和内切。1999年转会英格兰的阿森纳而开始步入球员事业高峰，四次获得英超最佳射手，帮助阿森纳2夺联赛冠军，同时也是法国历史最佳射手。1998年为法国夺得世界杯后开始在国家队渐露头角，2000年协助法国赢得欧洲杯2003年在本土帮助法国卫冕联合会杯冠军。 曾经7次入选欧洲足球先生前4名，打破该奖项记录但遗憾未得过此殊荣，这既是亨利本人的遗憾，也是世界足坛的遗憾。精彩回顾·1977年8月17日出生在巴黎 ·1990年，13岁加入法甲摩纳哥 ·1994年8月31日首次亮相法甲，对手是尼斯 ·1996年12月曾与皇马签订预备合同，但因为通过的中间人不合法(未在国际足联注册)，转会被取消，本人和俱乐部也被处以罚款。 ·摩纳哥赢得1996-1997赛季法甲冠军，亨利36场比赛打入9球 ·1997年10月代表法国队首次出场，对手是南非 ·1998世界杯上6场比赛打入3球，法国队最终捧杯 ·1999年1月签约尤文图斯，同年7月，宣布自己在阿尔卑球场很不开心 ·1999年8月3日以1050万英镑身价加盟阿森纳，当年9月9日，替补出场为枪手贡献的首个进球 ·法国2000年捧起欧洲杯，亨利5次出场打入三球 ·亨利的进球帮助阿森纳赢得2001-2002赛季国内双冠王 ·2002年世界杯，法国队折戟于小组赛 ·2002-2003赛季成为英超足球先生，还被记者协会评选为年度最佳 ·2006年2月4日，成为阿森纳历史上首位为俱乐部攻入200球的球员 ·2006世界杯，攻入3球率法国队杀入决赛，点球不敌意大利 ·2007年06月26日以1615万英镑（2400万欧元）身价加盟巴塞罗那，年薪为400万欧元。毁约金高达1亿2500万欧元（8420万英镑）。 ·2008年欧洲杯，亨利打入法国队唯一进球，但最终未能帮助法国小组出线。 ·2008年欧冠小组赛，巴塞罗那队在客场5比2击败葡萄牙的里斯本竞技，亨利欧冠第100次出场，打入1球。 ·2009年欧冠16强战，亨利打入欧冠第48球，巴萨1比1战平里昂。 ·2009年3月12日欧冠16强战第二回合巴萨主场5比2大胜里昂，亨利梅开二度，亨利欧冠进球数达到50个，他的第二个进球也是巴萨欧冠历史上的第700粒进球。 ·2009年4月9日凌晨，欧洲冠军联赛1/4决赛一场焦点战中，巴萨主场4：0拜仁慕尼黑，上半时梅西梅开二度，亨利与埃托奥各进一球，亨利的欧冠进球数达到51个，其中50个是欧冠正赛进球，还有1个是欧冠资格赛进球。 ·2009年5月28日，亨利随巴萨夺得欧冠冠军，完成了世界杯，欧洲杯，冠军杯的大满贯。 ·2009年11月18日，亨利在法国与爱尔兰的2010年世界杯预选赛附加赛第二回合的比赛中手球助攻威廉·加拉（William Gallas）打进一球，从而淘汰爱尔兰进军世界杯。告别阿森纳 “阿森纳将永远留在我的血液里面，永远留在我的心中，我将永远怀念你们。我说过，我会一辈子当一个枪手，我没有说谎，因为你一日为枪手、终生为枪手。阿森纳俱乐部仍然在我心中，而且会永远在那里。”——亨利 ■留声机 我很难接受不再看到亨利穿着阿森纳球衣踢球，但我能理解为什么他要走，因此我不能因此责备他。——阿森纳主帅温格 亨利是我们伟大的俱乐部历史上前三号射手之一，他将作为最好的前锋被铭记，但现在，我为他的决定感到失落。我不知道去哪儿找下一个亨利，我们从1886年等了一百多年才等到这一个。——阿森纳球迷 【俱乐部表现】 赛季 俱乐部 上场次数 进球 助攻 1994-95 摩纳哥(法国) 8 3 1 1995-96 摩纳哥(法国) 18 3 5 1996-97 摩纳哥(法国) 36 9 8 1997-98 摩纳哥(法国) 30 4 9 1998-99 摩纳哥(法国) 10 1 3 1998-99 尤文图斯(意大利) 18 3 2 1999-00 阿森纳(英格兰) 31 17 9 2000-01 阿森纳(英格兰) 35 17 3 2001-02 阿森纳(英格兰) 33 24 5 2002-03 阿森纳(英格兰) 37 24 23 2003-04 阿森纳(英格兰) 37 30 9 2004-05 阿森纳(英格兰) 32 25 15 2005-06 阿森纳(英格兰) 32 27 7 2006-07 阿森纳(英格兰) 17 10 6 2007-08 巴塞罗那(西班牙) 30 12 9 2008-09 巴塞罗那(西班牙) 29 19 8 2009-10 巴塞罗那(西班牙) 13 2 1 职业生涯总记录:参赛756场 进球355个 助攻185次 (截至2010.01.27) 【家庭生活】 蒂埃里·亨利在球场上威风八面，但是在场下亨利是个爱家爱老婆的好男人。2002年的夏天，亨利结识了英国女孩妮可-梅丽，自此在梅丽的悉心照顾下，亨利从羞涩的大男孩成为一个坚强，有责任心的男子汉。而在心目中妻子妮可-梅丽是自己人生中最重要的人物之一，正是她的存在自己才可以在球场上所向披靡。 备战韩日世界杯之前，法国雷诺轿车为了在全欧洲推广旗下新款轿车，请来亨利担任广告代言人，当时亨利23岁，而梅丽只有21岁。亨利没有放过这次难得的“机会”，不久之后就与广告女主角梅丽坠入爱河。梅丽是一个颇有潜质的模特，说起来也和法国人颇有缘分，17岁时就在法国大导演吕克·贝松的名片《第五元素》中担任配角演一名空姐，不过后来一直没有在电影界有所发展，改行主要在广告模特业发展。 两人相处仅仅8个月，梅丽就已经离开了她父母的家，搬到了亨利位于伦敦北部价值600万英镑的别墅。2002年的6月，亨利与妮可-梅丽在法国订婚，在订婚仪式上，亨利给了尼可一个很大的订婚戒指。订婚之后，亨利带着尼可分别拜访了自己的父母。亨利回忆说，小时候经常出现食物紧缺的日子。为了给亨利买球鞋，父亲几年不能添置新装。“我最高兴的是，现在我有机会报答给我幸福的人。我给父母和哥哥分别买了一套住宅，这不仅仅是自己成功的象征，也是因为我非常看重家庭。” 但是幸福的时光总不能长久，亨利已于2007年与梅丽离婚。国家队表现 1997年，亨利还以欧洲青年锦标赛冠军的身份与队友一起参加了在马来西亚举行的20岁以下世青赛，当时的法国青年队中还包括特雷泽盖、阿内尔卡、西尔维斯特、萨尼奥尔等人，如今他们都已经成长为各自俱乐部队中的主力。不过，在那届世青赛上，法国队在1/4决赛中被乌拉圭队点球淘汰。在那一年，亨利还第一次入选了雅凯的国家队，完成了从青年队到国家队的飞跃，这为他最终能够参加第二年举行的世界杯奠定了基础。 紧接着便是让亨利终生难忘的法兰西之夏，在98年的世界杯上，锋线乏力的法国队被认为“没有牙齿”。但是亨利却让法国人看到了未来的希望，尽管只是作为吉瓦什的替补，但是亨利却成了法国队中进球最多的球员，他在同南非和沙特队的比赛中打进了三个球并由此一举成名。在同巴拉圭队的1/8决赛中，亨利还差点攻破齐拉维特的大门为法国队打进制胜一球，但可惜的是，球被门柱拒之门外。尽管在同意大利队的点球决战中，亨利害怕得不敢直面罚点球的过程，但轮到他自己主罚时，他仍然冷静地一蹴而就，对于21岁的亨利来说，这样的经历足以让他受益终身。尽管帮助球队捧起了大力神杯，不过亨利的心中仍有一丝遗憾，那就是在决赛中他没能上场，在品尝到世界冠军滋味的同时，亨利年轻的心中也立下了誓言，那就是有一天他要靠自己的进球帮助法国队再次夺取世界冠军。 2000年夏天对亨利来说又是一个收获的日子，在欧锦赛中，亨利再次向人们展示了他惊人的速度和出众的技术，他同特雷泽盖组成的锋线再次横扫欧陆。他的表现令丹麦门神舒梅切尔也感到无可奈何，只能慨叹岁月的无情。在这届比赛中亨利总共打进了3个球，并且入选了最佳阵容，帮助法国队成为第一支在获得世界杯后接着赢得欧洲杯的球队。不过，对待好不容易才到手的冠军奖杯，亨利似乎并不太珍惜，他顽皮的天性再次显现无疑。 然而，当踌躇满志的亨利出现在2002年世界杯赛场上的时候，没想到却遭遇到了沉重的打击，拥有英超最佳射手亨利和意甲最佳射手特雷泽盖的法国队竟然一球未进，命运之神也不再眷顾法国队，许多必进之球都鬼使神差般地打在了门柱上。在第二场同丹麦队的比赛中，亨利还领到了一张红牌，以这种方式结束了自己的韩日世界杯之旅。亨利的这张红牌创造了世界杯的一个纪录，它恰好是世界杯决赛阶段的第100张红牌，不过，对亨利来说，这样的纪录他还是希望由别人来书写。 2006年世界杯上，亨利率领法国队连克强敌，最终获得亚军。 亨利仅踢20分钟仍写传奇 四届世界杯16战超齐祖 [2]2010年南非世界杯亨利替补阿内尔卡上场，引起了场内一片欢腾。赛前里贝里等人向多梅内克的兵谏，就是为了还给亨利主力地位。在场上，亨利明显比切尔西前锋更加活跃，和后者连续4场比赛无射正形成鲜明的对比。此外，亨利此番的出场还创造了一个记录——这是他连续第4届世界杯代表法国队出场，全场5000名法国球迷都站起为亨利鼓掌，甚至到场的南非球迷也大多支持亨利。
henry fielding 生平用英语介绍下
Henry Fielding, the eldest of seven children, was born on April 22, 1707, at Sharpham Park, in Somerset, England. He was the son of General Edmund Fielding, His mother, Sarah Gould Fielding, was the daughter of a judge. Their marriage had been highly disapproved of by Sarah's parents on the grounds that Edmund was too poor and could not even manage what little money he did have.
When Henry was two, his father 憆etired?to an estate near East Stour in Dorset, where he was unsuccessful as a gentleman farmer and where Sarah Gould Fielding died when Henry was just ten years old.
Henry had been raised by his father to dislike Catholics, so it is ironic that when two years later his father remarried a woman to kept an eating-house she was an Italian
Henry's father and his maternal grandmother, Lady Gould, battled for custody of the children. His grandmother eventually sued for custody of Henry and his siblings, and won .
Edmund eventually died in a debtor's prison, leaving behind an estate valued at five pounds. Apparently his wife's parents were on to something. It should be noted that Edmund spelled his name Feilding in the belief that it was the more aristocratic form.
Under the influence of Lady Gould Henry was sent to school at Eton in 1719 where he reputedly enjoyed his time. Henry worked hard and made lifelong friends of his contemporaries Lyttleton, who later became a generous patron, and Pitt the Elder. Upon graduation in 1724, Fielding went to London were he was to spend the next several years as a man-about-town and writer.
In the summer of 1725 Henry was to be found in Lyme Regis, ostensibly for a holiday, but more likely to visit his distant cousin Sara Andrews, with an eye on her fortune and to win her as a wife. (Sara at the age of 15 had just become a rich heiress on the early death of her father.) Henry, accompanied by several friends and a servant named James Lewis was soon involved in a drunken brawl. On September 2nd he was brought before the town's magistrates on a charge of assault against Joseph Channon a servant of the town miller. Although the outcome is not known it is thought that the attack may have been at the instigation of Sara抯 guardian Andrew Miller who had hopes that Sara would marry his own son John.
It seems that Henry was having some success in his pursuit of Sara, since he was still in Lyme two months later. On Sunday 11th November matters came to a head when Henry assisted by his servant attempted to abduct Sara as she was walking to church with Andrew Tucker and his family. The attempt failed and the same day Tucker laid a charge before the magistrates against Fielding and his servant for an attack on his person. His servant was soon captured, but Henry eluded capture by the constables and left the town the following day, but not before putting up a hand written poster ridiculing the Tuckers.
In 1728 his first comedy, 'Love in Several Masques', was staged. It was not a success, and at the age of 21 he left to study at the University of Leiden in The Netherlands where it was much cheaper than any of the London schools. Eventually, even Leiden was more than he could afford and about a year later he returned to England with all kinds of unpaid debts behind him. Henry began writing plays again, many of them ridiculing the society and politics of the time. Probably his best play, completed in 1731, was 'The Tragedy of Tragedies; or, The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great'. It was a spoof of heroic stage plays that took themselves too seriously.
Henry still couldn't manage his money and was never well off. In 1734, aged 27, he married Charlotte Cradock of Salisbury, one of the beauties of the city. Charlotte brought a settlement of ?,500 to the marriage and with the money they planned to live in Dorset as ?i>County?folk. Thus in 1735 the newly married couple took up residence in a small manor house at East Stour, settled into their comfortable lifestyle and produced a daughter Amelia. In the process becoming extremely popular with there neighbours. However within a year due to a combination of Henry抯 spendthrift ways and poor budgeting the Fieldings were stony-broke, the estate sold, and the penniless young couple left Dorset to return to London, taking with them Charlottes maid Mary Macdaniel.
In London Fielding became the manager and chief playwright of the Little Theatre in the Haymarket. Even though he was rumored to be a terrible drunkard and something of a womanizer, Henry was a hard worker. He wrote several new plays a year, until the theatre was forced to close by the stage Licensing Act was of 1737 which provided that only plays licensed by the government could be performed. The act having been introduced largely as a result of Fielding's plays ridiculing the politics of the day.
By this time, Henry and Charlotte had two children needed another source of income. Henry took up the study of law and turned to writing for the newspapers, becoming editor of The Champion in 1739, and graduated as a lawyer in 1740. It was at this time that he developed gout, which was to get worse as he grew older.
Henry Fielding's novel 'Joseph Andrews' was published in 1742. It was a comic takeoff on Samuel Richardson's 'Pamela,' but the success of 'Joseph Andrews' was made less sweet for Henry by the death of his daughter, Charlotte and a serious illness which afflicted his wife.
'Miscellanies', published in 1743, included the novel 'Jonathan Wild', a mock biography of a criminal hero.
The death of his wife in 1744 was a great blow, exasperating his already bad health. He took comfort largely in the company of his daughter Harriet, his sister Sarah, and his wife's maid, Mary Daniel. Sarah had followed in her fathers literary footsteps and did some writing but none of it was very memorable; however her book for educating girls, 'The Governess, or Little Female Academy', was used well into the next century.
It was about a year before Fielding went back to newspaper writing, where he continued to work on various politically oriented newspapers and publish many political and satirical pamphlets, some of which the government actually approved of, and even distributed. These were often published anonymously, which unfortunately led to Henry being blamed for some atrociously mean pamphlets that he had nothing to do with.
In 1747 defying convention Fielding married Mary Macdaniel, who was around six months pregnant with their son William at the time. The following year, Henry was appointed a judge at Middlesex. Over the next few years, Henry's wife had four more children and Henry himself became increasingly angry with the state of the law and law enforcement.
'Tom Jones', Fielding's comic masterpiece and best known work was published in 1749. It was a novel for all time. The life and robustness of 'Tom Jones' were recreated in a 1963 movie, which featured perhaps the most sensuous meal ever filmed.
The heroine is Sophia Weston, and it is claimed that Fielding based this character on Sara Andrews, his 慺irst love?
Fielding's last novel ?b>Amelia' was published in 1751. Allegedly a biography of his former wife Charlotte in which she is portrayed as the heroine. It was not up to his other work. Perhaps, because by this now he was a very sick man, suffering from asthma and jaundice in addition to his gout. The plot was contrived, the heroine conveniently inherits a large sum of money, and if indeed it was a biography, contained several factual errors.
Also in 1751, Henry published a pamphlet entitled 'An Inquiry into the Causes of the late Increase of Robbers, etc.,' which called for sweeping changes in the laws and in the way they were enforced. Today these proposals would not appear to be anything special but by 1753, several of these reforms had been put into practice and Henry helped break up several large gangs by offering money and immunity to those who turned in their fellow criminals.
Perhaps the most important result of his ideas was the reform of the police. It was as a direct consequence of this pamphlet that Home Secretary, Sir Robert Peel, was to form the Bow Street Runners, Britain's first professional police force.
Henry was directly responsible for improvements in record keeping, founding what was later to become the Criminal Record Office of Scotland Yard.
Due to ill health, Henry reigned as a Judge in 1752 and in the hope that a warmer climate would be beneficial he sailed to Lisbon in 1754. Unfortunately he had contracted jaundice, and this combined with dropsy was to cause his death on 8 October 1754 just two months after his arrival in Portugal. Published after his death, his final work, Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, has been described as a classic example of the horrors of traveling.