Research Proposal怎么写
Proposal这里是开题报告的意思,其完成的基本步骤如下：
1。先找导师，要几个他推荐的方向，因为就算自己写出来一个很nb的proposal，他不能supervise，也是白搭。
2。在这几个方向上面广泛阅读，找自己的兴趣；
3。在感兴趣的方向上深入阅读，读主要数据库的2年来的论文，别读书；
4。开始写proposal，篇幅不限，自己能看懂就行；
5。论证这个proposed 题目没有人研究过，而且没有人正在研究，如果有人正在研究了，研究他的下一步工作（future work），如果找不到这样的方向，跳会第二步；
6。开始缩减篇幅，修改无数次，同时找领域里面的大牛帮看看，提提意见；
7。找外行看，如果他们能看懂60％以上，写的就是成功的；
8。挑最干的，最有价值的，整理成150字（我最后写了149个字）
这个过程基本上花4周的精力。
成功的proposal的衡量标准（以下几条尽量占全）：
1。能把要研究的内容、目标说清楚
2。能在有限篇幅内说清楚（我当时150字）
3。能把研究的现状说清楚，并说明这个work以前和现在都没人在做
4。能把研究的方法说清楚
5。能把研究的value说清楚
怎么写好一篇详细的Research Proposal？
Research proposal是指研究目标，学生们在开展出国留学申请、研究课题、论文编写时，会必须先进行一篇research proposal。特别是在针对申请留学的科研型硕士和博士的学生们而言，它是一项不可或缺的申报材料。
有留学英国历经的朋友们一定发觉了，RP就好像精炼版的Dissertation，创作构造也与Dissertation十分类似。学生们既能够把research proposal作为是对阅读者的一种阐述，还可以作为是对自身dissertation创作的一种整体规划。
文中将详细介绍要怎么写好一篇详细的Research Proposal。
在开始创作以前，学生们应当花销一定的时间去对你即将进行的research proposal开展掌握，相关资料应当包括有选题背景、方案及其科学研究的行业等内容，这对大伙儿的RP创作很有协助。
Proposal Title&Abstract：
在科学研究题目一部分用精确实际的一句话把自己将要开展的科学研究立即书面材料的详细题目展现，说明科学研究的主题风格和内容。Abstract是研究目标的引言一部分，对RP开展大概200-300字的简洁明了小结，包含科学研究难题，科学研究基本原理，研究假设，研究思路和关键发觉。
Introduction
这些一般交待一下科学研究topic的情况和本proposal的具体内容和目地，简单明了的描述清晰自身研究目标的行业，要想科学研究的课题研究、研究思路及其你课题研究的使用价值。
Research Significance关键说明在基础理论或实践活动方面上将要进行的科学研究是更有意义的，或者填补了先人并未科学研究健全或未科学研究完全的课题研究，或者出现了新的难题必须本科学研究来处理等。
Research Context能够交待一下这一科学研究难题、现阶段学界的研究成果，科学研究标准等有关选题背景，介绍一下有关此主题风格的科学研究发源，一些基础的情况材料。
Research Objectives and Research Question一部分尤其重要，是全部科学研究的关键，没有研究方案和亟需回应的科学研究难题，科学研究便会没有了方位。
Methodology
Methodology也就是科学方法论，简易整体规划了科学研究是以哪种方法开展的。这些十分关键，是研究计划书最关键的一部分之一。科学方法论一定要实际行得通，在写的情况下还要有事实论据，最关键的是要写成你应用的研究思路的局限，包含你一直在科学研究中碰到的艰难。
Methodology一部分包含研究设计(research design)，实际研究思路(research methods)，数据采集(data collection)，取样(sampling)和数据统计分析(data analysis)。也就是如果你写这些的情况下理应可以回应下列难题：什么叫研究思路，写成定量分析法和判定法的界定，应用范畴是啥，为何科学研究要用这一方式，用这一研究思路的优点缺点是啥，能获得哪些数据信息，能够用以剖析什么问题。
研究思路
研究思路能够应用：
①定性分析法Qualitative，关键就是指特殊范畴获得的数据统计分析，例如年纪数据信息、性别、文化教育水准等，一般能够根据问卷调查表获得数据信息，或是别的书本刊物等数据信息。
②定量分析法Qualitative，关键就是指平均值、正反比例关系，不确定性，几率等，还可以根据问卷调查、书本、互联网等获得数据信息。
研究思路事例：
Systematic documentation collection and analysis of public policies;
The researcher means to search relevant public policies from government documents and news reports.The policies related to economy,employment,housing and education will be focused.Then,a series of policy analyses will be conducted,including(a)the attitudes of public policies on poor neighbourhoods;(b)the changes happened in the neighbourhoods after policy implementation.
Literature Review
自身的科学研究必须相对性于先人的科学研究有一定的填补或发展趋势，而这一一部分的功效是对所研究领域或技术专业的课题研究，难题或科学研究专题讲座收集很多相关资料;根据剖析，阅读文章，梳理，提炼出当今课题研究，难题或科学研究专题讲座的最新消息，学术研究看法或提议，作出综合型详细介绍和论述，参考文献一般来源于书本、新闻报道、刊物、毕业论文、网址等。这不但磨练大家的语言表达能力，也有语言组织协调能力，展现大家对科学研究难题有关的基础理论，和对科学研究难题的了解。因而这些必须学生们多用心，尽可能全方位而精美。
Results and Discussion
研究目标一般是没有结果的，由于都还没开始调查分析，可是能够探讨一般有关课题研究存有的优点和缺点和研究目标的局限(包含时间或是经济发展限定)，及其你预估的科学研究结果，这种结果能表明哪些这些。小U提议在这些画一张Research flow diagram，强烈推荐Microsoft visio用流程表来表明你的全部研究过程，形象化清楚。
Conclusion and Recommendations
这些写成小结和给一些文章里早已表明的提议，辨症性的小结针对研究目标中明确提出的观点及其将来科学研究明确提出方案与提议。
References和Appendix
同汇报毕业论文一样，研究目标中也应列清引入到的参考文献、刊物材料等，以防被视作剽窃。我提议引入参考文献时提议考虑一下参考文献期限，基础理论是不是被升级或打倒。留意按字母排序外文文献和汉语参考文献理应分离。
对中国学生来讲，还有一个专业性阻碍，即referencing也就是说citation文件格式。学生们必须花时间学习培训和摆脱这一技术性难题。能够参照我早期小结的详细手册，决不失败!
附则一部分是由于有一些科学研究必须做采访，调查问卷等来读取数据，这个时候，proposal里边还必须appendix方式另附采访的难题或是问卷调查的items，再加上这种，才可以算作一份详细的研究目标。
留意
申请办理国外留学用的 Research Proposal 跟一切正常的RP还不一样，一般较短，更多就是2-5千字，少则小小好几百字。因而，论文开题报告那类过万字的RP就彻底不适合。
出国留学用RP的重要一般取决于二点，一是论文选题，二是研究思路。论文选题便是明确你的research question，或是要认证的hypothesis。研究思路各院校的界定和称唿较为错乱，以research methodology/method/design为主导，详细情况则需深入分析。但是绝大多数状况下全是规定表明基础的科学研究对策，或是实际的技术性完成方式，又或是二者兼具。
除此之外literature review一般篇幅比较有限，只有review好多个最具象征性的参考文献，并且语言描述务必精练。如果是好几百字版的申请办理用RP，那类似只有把论文选题和研究思路说清晰，随后依据院校的实际规定在introduction/background，brief literature review、rationale/significance、impact/value、expected outcome、timeline这类的正中间挑选几类缩略进行。
此外，提议学生们在研究过程中能够严苛依照自身设置的时间计划表来达到目标，那样更为有益于学生们催促自身的创作进展。
谈谈对商务谈判的认识
谈判者以获取经济利益为基本目的，在满足经济利益的前提下才涉及其他非经济利益。虽然，在商务谈判过程中，谈判者可以调动和运用各种因素，而各种非经济利益的因素，也会影响谈判的结果，但其最终目标仍是经济利益。与其他谈判相比，商务谈判更加重视谈判的经济效益。在商务谈判中，谈判者都比较注意谈判所涉及的重或技术的成本、效率和效益。所以，人们通常以获取经济效益的好坏来评价一项商务谈判的成功与否。不讲求经济效益的商务谈判就失去了价值和意义。以价值谈判为核心商务谈判涉及的因素很多，谈判者的需求和利益表现在众多方面，但价值则几乎是所有商务谈判的核心内容。这是因为在商务谈判中价值的表现形式--价格最直接地反映了谈判双方的利益。谈判双方在其它利益上的得与失，在很多情况下或多或少都可以折算为一定的价格，并通过价格升降而得到体现。需要指出的是，在商务谈判中，我们一方面要以价格为中心，坚持自己的利益，另一方面又不能仅仅局限于价格，应该拓宽思路，设法从其它利益因素上争取应得的利益。因为，与其在价格上与对手争执不休，还不如在其它利益因素上使对方在不知不觉中让步。这是从事商务谈判的人需要注意的。
商务谈判对话
商务谈判对话范文
Jason: Nice to meet you, my name is Jason Brown, the human resource manager of Pangda Company, this is our general manager Jason.
Jerry: Nice to meet you, Mr. Brown, I am Jerry White the deputy of Qihang training company and this is my assistant Neil.
Jason: Glad to see you Neil. Now that we are all here, let's begin the talk, shall we?
Jerry: That is OK, Mr. Brown. Since we have receive your request, we have made a proposal on the training project, can we show it to you right now?
Jason: Yes, please.
Neil: Well, we have prepared a variety of training projects and we plan complete it in 100 days. The cost of this project will depend on the types of training, the manage training will cost 600 ponds per day and the sale training will cost 500 ponds per day. If you don't have any questions, we would like start this agreement at any time you like.
Jason: We truly consider your company will do a good work and have no question on the training project, But I'm a little worried about the prices you're asking.
Jerry: You think we about be asking for more?
Jason: That's not exactly what I had in mind. We think the price is a little high, as a matter of fact, our company will send dozens of people in this training. We want you can reduce the price with number up.
Jerry: I am sorry, we can not agree it. As the training prepared, we will begin the class no matter how many people attend it. It really makes no difference.
Jason: Yes, we know this problem; however, with so many people trained dozens of days, it is really a volume sale. We need a discount is reasonable.
Jerry: OK, we can understand you, in that case, we'd like give you a 5 percent discount if you can attend 80 days' training; if more than 100 days, we can give you another 5 percent discount.
Jason: Thank you for your understanding, but as a large company, many things may happen in some days, it is really difficult for us to ensure 80 days no more than 100 days. We will appreciate it very much if you can reduce 100 ponds per day.
Neil: Please, Mr. Brown, the training we going to provide is especially prepared, we can not afford it if you can't ensure days. We'd rather give you 14 present if you can ensure 100 days.
Jason: Don't be worried, sir. I don't mean we will not attend 100 days, I just list a situation may happen in the future. Meanwhile, we are looking for a long term partner, there are many opportunities we can cooperate.
Jerry: Sorry, Mr. Brown, I am afraid I can not give you a definite reply right now, show we have a break?
Jason: Of course, take your time.
Jerry: How do you think their view?
Neil: Maybe what they are saying is fact, but, as for us, we can't accept. The very big problem is they can not ensure days, for this condition, we can't agree 100 ponds reducing per day.
Jerry: That's right, therefore, what we are going to do next is protect our profit as much as possible.
Neil: Yes, 100 ponds is unacceptable, 60 ponds per day may be OK. 540 ponds and 440 ponds, it is should be our bottom line of this agreement, if they don't accept it or give some useful suggestion, we may end up the day.
Jerry: I think that will be perfect, after all, we should ensure ourselves firstly.
Neil: Mr. Brown, I think we can continue our talk.
Jerry: I have to say, Mr. Brown, you really give me a difficult problem, reducing 100 per day is too much for us, we may face some financial risks. Since you can not ensure days, we can only provide you 60 ponds reducing per day, if you can not accept it we may say sorry to you.
Jason :Come on, Mr. White, I know what you are worried about, it is a fact that we can't ensure days but we can give you the money before the training completed, if you accept 100 ponds reducing per day we will pay all the money in 15 days, how do you think it?
Neil: Sounds like a good idea, but we'd like fix it about 80 ponds reducing per day, that will be more early accepted by both side.
Jason: It is still a little high. But just like we have said in the front, we are looking for a long term partner; I hope that we can continue our cooperation. As for that, I think we can reach an agreement.
Jerry: Thanks! I believe that we will have an exciting cooperation in the future.
商务谈判对话范文：情景实战对话
Dan Smith是一位美国的健身用品经销商，此次是Robert Liu第一回与他交手。就在短短几分钟的交谈中，Robert Liu既感到这位大汉粗犷的.外表，藏有狡兔的心思——他肯定是沙场老将，自己绝不可掉以轻心。
双方第一回过招如下：
D: I'd like to get the ball rolling (开始) by talking about prices.
R: Shoot. (洗耳恭听) I'd be happy to answer any questions you may have.
D: Your products are very good. But I'm a little worried about the prices you're asking.
R: You think we about be asking for more? (laughs)
D: (chuckles莞尔) That's not exactly what I had in mind. I know your research costs are high, but what I'd like is a 25% discount.
R: That seems to be a little high, Mr. Smith. I don't know how we can make a profit with those numbers.
D: Please, Robert, call me Dan. (pause) Well, if we promise future business - volume sales (大笔交易) - that will slash your costs (大量减低成本) for making the Exec-U-ciser, right?
R: Yes, but it's hard to see how you can place such large orders. How could you turn over (销磬) so many? (pause) We'd need a guarantee of future business, not just a promise.
D: We said we wanted 1000 pieces over a six-month period. What if we place orders for twelve months, with a guarantee?
R: If you can guarantee that on paper, I think we can discuss this further.
Robert回公司呈报Dan的提案后，老板很满意对方的采购计划;但在折扣方面则希望Robert能继续维持强硬的态度，尽量探出对方的底线。就在这七上八下的价格翘翘板上，双方是否能找到彼此地平衡点呢?请看下面分解：
R: Even with volume sales, our coats for the Exec-U-Ciser won't go down much.
D: Just what are you proposing?
R: We could take a cut (降低) on the price. But 25% would slash our profit margin (毛利率). We suggest a compromise -10%.
D: That's a big change from 25! 10 is beyond my negotiating limit. (pause) Any other ideas?
R: I don't think I can change it right now. Why don't we talk again tomorrow?
D: Sure. I must talk to my office anyway. I hope we can find some common ground (共同信念) on this.
NEXT DAY D: Robert, I've been instructed to reject the numbers you proposed; but we can try to come up with some thing else.
R: I hope so, Dan. My instructions are to negotiate hard on this deal - but I'm try very hard to reach some middle ground (互相妥协).
D: I understand. We propose a structured deal (阶段式和约). For the first six months, we get a discount of 20%, and the next six months we get 15%.
R: Dan，I can't bring those numbers back to my office -- they'll turn it down flat (打回票).
D: Then you'll have to think of something better, Robert.
Dan上回提议前半年给他们二成折扣，后半年再降为一成半，经Robert推翻后，Dan再三表示让步有限。您知道Robert在这折扣缝隙中游走，如何才能摸出双方都同意的数字呢?他从锦囊里又掏出什么妙计了呢?请看下面分解：
R: How about 15% the first six months, and the second six months at 12%, with a guarantee of 3000 units?
D: That's a lot to sell, with very low profit margins.
R: It's about the best we can do, Dan. (pause) We need to hammer something out (敲定) today. If I go back empty-handed, I may be coming back to you soon to ask for a job. (smiles)
D: (smiles) O.K., 17% the first six months, 14% for the second?
R: Good. Let's iron out (解决) the remaining details. When do you want to take delivery (取货) ?
D: We'd like you to execute the first order by the 31st.
R: Let me run through this again: the first shipment for 1500 units, to be delivered in 27 days, by the 31st.
D: Right. We couldn't handle much larger shipments.
R: Fine. But I'd prefer the first shipment to be 1000 units, the next 20xx. The 31st is quite soon - I can't guarantee 1500.
D: I can agree to that. Well, if there's nothing else, I think we've settled everything.
R: Dan, this deal promises big returns (赚大钱) for both sides. Let's hope it's the beginning of a long and prosperous relationship.