英语问题：1、专有名词和普通名词区别是什么，为什么要叫专有和普通。解释一下。
你好，
1、专有名词：表示某个人、地方、事物或机构等所特有的名称，第一个字母通常要大写
普通名词：表示一类人或事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称，可进一步分为：
（1）类名词：表示人或事物属于某一类
（2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体
（3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物
（4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、情感、心理等抽象概念的名称
英语详细解释
home stretch 词组：终点直道。语法就是普通的when连接的时间状语从句。主从都是一般现在时。陈述一个事实或规律
now是个副词,一般放在谓语后面，时间的副词可以放在句尾，主要看读起来是否通常，或者要强调的时候，也可以放在句首。
throw dirt at sb. 非常形象，出言中伤某人
landslide 直译肯定不行，可理解压倒性的胜利吧。一部分美国总统选举已经以压倒性的胜利（为结果）结束了
世界500强用英语怎么说
世界500强的英文：Fortune 500、Fortune Global 500、Global 500词汇解析：1、fortune英文发音：[ˈfɔːtʃuːn]中文释义：n.(尤指影响人生的)机会，运气;大笔的钱;巨款;财富;(个人、家庭、国家等的)发展变化的趋势，命运，际遇例句：A handful of true friends could deliver the love and respect that even a fortune may not.一小群真正的朋友可以给予我们的关爱与尊敬是财富不见得能提供的。2、global英文发音：[ˈɡləʊbl]中文释义：adj.全球的;全世界的;整体的;全面的;总括的例句：Organizational distribution and global development and delivery are here to stay.组织的分布和全球的开发和交付成为大家通用的。扩展资料fortune的用法：1、fortune的基本意思是“机会,运气”,指对人生、国家或事业可能会造成向好的方面转变的机遇。fortune也可指一个人的未来,即“前途,命运”。2、fortune还可指“大笔的钱,巨款,财富”。3、Fortune可以表示“命运女神”。4、make a fortune表示“发财”，make one's fortune表示“发达”，“成功”或“成家立业”。5、注意fortune的单复数形式，在tell fortunes中用复数，表示“算命”，而在tell (him) his fortune等表达中用单数，表示“请人给他算命”；6、good fortune或单用fortune解释为“好运”时，fortune属抽象名词，前不可加a，也没有复数形式
火箭堪培拉简介
堪培拉是澳大利亚的首都，位于澳大利亚山脉区的开阔谷地上，位于澳大利亚东南部。东经149°07′，南纬35°17′，面积2395平方公里，人口36.8万，海拔760米。莫朗格洛河横市区，西流入马兰比吉河。原为牧羊地，1913年按规划始建，1927年联邦政府从墨尔本迁此。全国政治中心。以银行、饭店和公共服务业为主要经济部门。有铁路连接各大城市。有澳大利亚国立大学（连续多年澳大利亚大学排名第1位[1] )、堪培拉大学和国立图书馆。市区西南有宇宙航行跟踪站。旅游业甚盛。气候温和，四季分明，全年降雨量平均，四季都有阳光普照的日子。
作为澳大利亚政治中心，堪培拉城内建有澳大利亚国会大厦、澳大利亚高等法院和众多其他政府部门与外交机关。它也是许多全国性社会和文化机构的所在地，例如澳大利亚战争纪念馆、澳大利亚国立大学、澳大利亚体育学会、澳大利亚国立美术馆、澳大利亚国立博物馆及澳大利亚国家图书馆。澳大利亚军队总部，以及主要军事教育机构邓特伦皇家军事学院和澳大利亚国防学院也设在堪培拉。
二次大战结束后，在总理罗伯特·孟席斯倡议下，国家首都发展委员会成立、握有执行权力，堪培拉开始以新兴首都之姿蓬勃发展。
西尼澳大利亚堪培拉简介
堪培拉是澳大利亚的首都，位于澳大利亚山脉区的开阔谷地上，位于澳大利亚东南部。东经149°07′，南纬35°17′，面积2395平方公里，人口36.8万，海拔760米。莫朗格洛河横市区，西流入马兰比吉河。原为牧羊地，1913年按规划始建，1927年联邦政府从墨尔本迁此。全国政治中心。以银行、饭店和公共服务业为主要经济部门。有铁路连接各大城市。有澳大利亚国立大学（连续多年澳大利亚大学排名第1位[1] )、堪培拉大学和国立图书馆。市区西南有宇宙航行跟踪站。旅游业甚盛。气候温和，四季分明，全年降雨量平均，四季都有阳光普照的日子。
作为澳大利亚政治中心，堪培拉城内建有澳大利亚国会大厦、澳大利亚高等法院和众多其他政府部门与外交机关。它也是许多全国性社会和文化机构的所在地，例如澳大利亚战争纪念馆、澳大利亚国立大学、澳大利亚体育学会、澳大利亚国立美术馆、澳大利亚国立博物馆及澳大利亚国家图书馆。澳大利亚军队总部，以及主要军事教育机构邓特伦皇家军事学院和澳大利亚国防学院也设在堪培拉。
二次大战结束后，在总理罗伯特·孟席斯倡议下，国家首都发展委员会成立、握有执行权力，堪培拉开始以新兴首都之姿蓬勃发展。
神笔马良英文版的故事
Ma Liang and the Magic Paint Brush
This is a story from China about a boy and a magic paint brush that makes everything he draws come to life!
Once upon a time in China, there was a boy named Ma Liang.
Ma Liang's parents had died early so the boy had to support himself by chopping wood and cutting grass. The boy loved painting but he was so poor he could not afford to buy a paint brush!
One day, Ma Liang walked past a school and saw a teacher painting with a brush. Without thinking, Ma Liang walked into the classroom and asked the teacher: “I want to learn painting. Can I borrow a paint brush from you?”
The teacher glared at the shabby boy and sneered: “What? A poor kid like you wants to learn to paint? You must be daydreaming! Get out of my sight!”
Quietly, Ma Liang walked away. He had just been snubbed by an adult but he remained composed and calm. In his mind he was thinking: “I just don't believe a poor child is not good enough to learn painting.”
The boy made up his mind to learn to paint by himself.
A Boy Learns To Paint
When he chopped wood in the forest he would draw a bird in the sand with a branch.
When he was cut grass by the river, he would dip a grass reed in water and trace a fish on the rocks.
At night, when he returned to the cave which he called home, he would use a stick of charcoal to sketch on the wall everything he had drawn during the day.
Year after year Ma Liang practiced never missing a day. He drew everywhere he went using anything he could find. If he wasnot actually drawing something he was drawing it in his mind. Every inch of his cave wall was covered with paintings.
Even though he still didn’t have a paint brush Ma Liang had developed some amazing skills.
When he drew a hen on the ground of his village entrance, eagles hovered above.
When he drew a black wolf at the back of the mountain, cows and sheep stayed away in fear.
“It would be great to have a paint brush.” Ma Liang said to himself everyday.
A Wish Come True
One night, feeling very tired, Ma Liang fell asleep while painting. Suddenly, there appeared rays of colorful, brilliant light. An old man with a very long white beard walked out of the light and handed Ma Liang a paint brush.
“This is a magic paint brush, use it well.” said the old man whose beard was so long it stretched to the floor.
Ma Liang was overcome with joy. The paint brush felt heavy in his hand and it shimmered with golden light.
Before Ma Liang could thank the old man, he had disapperared just as suddenly as he had appeared.
A surprised Ma Liang awoke from his sleep. What a fantastic dream! But it could not have been a dream since he was still holding tightly to the paint brush.
Ma Liang drew a bird with the brush. The bird flapped its wings and flew into the sky.
He then painted a fish. The fish wiggled its tail, leapt into the air and into a river Ma Liang had drawn and swam away.
Ma Liang was ecstatic. The old man was right.This was indeed a magic paint brush!
Each day, with paint brush in hand, the kind-hearted Ma Liang helped the poor people in his village.
He painted a cow for the family that needed a cow, a stone mill for the family who wanted a stone mill, and a waterwheel for the family who didn’t have a waterwheel.
Trouble
Very soon, news about Ma Liang's magic paint brush spread to a wealthy local landlord.
The greedy landlord sent two of his bodyguards to bring Ma Liang to him and made the boy draw gold coins and ingots. But Ma Liang was a tough kid and no matter how the landlord threatened or beguiled him, he refused to obey the landlord.
Angry but out of ideas, the landlord ordered Ma Liang to be locked in a stable and not given any food and water. It was thedead of winter and outside the stable the snow was several feet thick. The landlord thought it was just a matter of time before Ma Liang gave in to the cold and hunger.
But what a surprise awaited the landlord two days later when he approached the stable! Through the doorway he could see a bright red light and smell delicious food. Curious, he looked inside the stable. A cheerful Ma Liang was eating piping-hot Chinese pancakes and cooking a pot of stew over a fire!
The landlord knew Ma Liang had drawn the food and fire with the magic paint brush. Livid, he ordered his henchmen to kill the boy and grab the magic paint brush.
A Great Escape
When a dozen men rushed into the stable Ma Liang was nowhere to be found!
With the magic paint brush he had drawn a ladder and escaped over the eastern wall. The landlord and his men followed up the ladder but they had climbed no more than a few rungs before the ladder vanished and they all came crashing down.
They could hear Ma Liang laughing outside the stable!
Ma Liang got on a gallant white horse he had drawn and started riding for the next village. Before long, he heard horse hoofs behind him. The landlord and a dozen men were chasing him on horseback and waving shining blades. They were closing in fast.
Calmly Ma Liang drew a bow and arrow with the magic paint brush. He stretched the stiff bow and aimed the arrow at the landlord. Ping! Went the arrow and struck the landlord right in the throat. The landlord fell off his horse. Ma Liang took the chance to gallop away.
After riding non-stop for a few days, Ma Liang finally arrived at the next village.
More Trouble
After riding non-stop for a few days, Ma Liang finally arrived at the next village. He decided to start life anew at this village.
Ma Liang painted many works and sold them on the street, but every animal drawn was either without lips or with a leg broken.
He didn't want the animals to come to life. He was afraid to let people know about the magic paint brush.
One day, he painted a white crane without eyes. In a moment of carelessness, a drop of ink landed on the crane's face. Magically, the white crane opened her eyes flapped her wings and flew into the sky.
This created a great commotion in the village and before long everyone got wind about the young boy and his magic paint brush.
Local officials immediately reported this "strange happening" to the emperor. The emperor issued an edict for Ma Liang to appear before him and dispatched his guards to escort the young boy. An unwilling Ma Liang was brought by force to the emperor's palace.
Ma Liang had heard many stories about the emperor bullying the common poor people. In his heart Ma Liang hated the emperor and he thought, "I will never paint anything the emperor wants!"
When the emperor instructed Ma Liang to draw a dragon, he drew a big house-lizard; he painted a crow when the emperor ordered a phoenix.
These two ugly creatures fought each other and made a big mess in the palace hall.
Enraged, the emperor ordered his guards to take away Ma Liang's magic paint brush and throw young boy in prison.
The Money Tree
Now the magic paint brush was in the gleeful emperor's hands.
First he drew a mountain made of gold. Then he drew a second one, followed by a third and on and on. He painted one gold mountain on top of another.
Finally satisfied the greedy emperor stood back to look at his mountains of gold.
There weren't any mountains of gold -- only piles and piles of huge rocks!
Suddenly, the rocks tumbled down and nearly crushed the emperor's feet!
Undeterred, the emperor started drawing gold bricks. One by one he painted the gold bricks.
But he felt the gold bricks were too small. So he drew a vey big and long gold brick thatfilled the wall.
Before the emperor could finish, the painting came to life in the form of a huge and long python!
The hungry giant reptile opened its massive jaws and pounced at the emperor. Luckily, the emperor's bodyguards saved him from the man-eating creature in the nick of time.
Not ready to give up, the emperor ordered Ma Liang to be set free.
In a kind and gentle voice, the emperor told the young painter the princess would marry him and he would be made a prince if he agreed to paint what the emperor asked.
Ma Liang pretended to agree -- all he wanted was to get back his magic paint brush.
The happy emperor gave the magic paint brush back to Ma Liang and asked him to draw a money tree.When shaken, gold coins would drop from the money tree.
Ma Liang raised his brush and waved it left and right. A blue ocean appeared before him. Therewas not a single ripple on the water and the sea shone brilliantly like an endless jade mirror.
The angry emperor shouted:"I want you to draw a money tree and you give me the sea!"
Ma Liang drew an island in the middle of the ocean and on the island, a tall and big tree.
"Isn't that the money tree you wanted?" Ma Liang asked the emperor.
The Ending
The emperor laughed. "Quick draw me a boat. I want to shake the money tree." He said hurriedly.
So Ma Liang drew a big wooden boat and the emperor and all his guards boarded the boat.
Ma Liang painted some small ripples on the water and the boat started out slowly towards the island.
"Faster! Faster!" The emperor shouted.
So Ma Liang sketched a few broad strokes in the air.
Immediately huge gusts of wind started blowing. The masts caught the wind and the boatsurged forward in the sea.
"More wind! More wind!" The emperor demanded.
So Ma Liang added more strokes to the wind.
The boat masts caught the wind fully and the wooden boat sailed ahead at full speed.
Now the waves were getting bigger and bigger. The boat was being tossed about in thechoppy waters.
"Enough! Enough!" The fightened emperor waved his hands at Ma Liang to stop.
Ma Liang pretended not to see and added more wind. Waves many feet high slammed againstthe boat and drenched everyone on board.
"Stop drawing! The boat is sinking..." The emperor's hysterical voice was drowned by the roaring waves and the shouts of panic on board the boat.
Ma Liang continued drawing. His paint brush whipped up a thunderstorm. Walls of waves smashed intothe ship amidst horrific thunder and lightning.
The waves finally broke the boat and sank it. The emperor and everyone on board drowned.
After the death of the emperor, the story of Ma Liang and the magic paint brush spread far and wide.
But nobody knew where Ma Liang went.
Some said he went back to his hometown. Other said he travelled to many places and whereverhe went he used his magic paint brush to help the poor.
A Magic Paint Brush
(A Chinese Folk Tale)
Once upon a time, there was a young man called Ma Liang. He was poor and kind and helped a rich man to tend cattle. He liked drawing and drew pictures everywhere. One night, he dreamed that an old man gave him a magic paintbrush and asked him to use it to help poor people. When he woke up, he found the magic paintbrush in his desk.
From that day, he used the paintbrush whenever people needed help. When he saw that people had no water to use in the fields, he drew a river and the river came to life. People could bring water from the river to the field and save a lot of time and energy. When he saw it was difficult for people to till lands, he drew a cow and the cow came to life. People could use the cow to till lands very easily. So when he saw the peoples' troubles, he would use his magic paintbrush to help.
Then many people knew about the magic paintbrush. But a few days later, the rich man whom Ma Liang helped heard that the magic paintbrush could turn everything to life. He was a bad man so he had an idea to steal the paint brush from the young man. He knew that he could make a lot of money by turning things to life and keeping them. So he sent some people to the Ma Liang's home and took him to the prison. He got the magic paintbrush and felt very happy. Then he invited a lot of his friends to come to his home and showed them the magic paintbrush. He drew a lot of pictures, but they could not become real.
He was very angry and asked some people to get Ma Liang. When the young man came, he said to him, "If you draw some pictures for me and turn them to life, I will set you free." The young man knew that he was a bad man in the village. Of course he did not want to help him. He had an idea. He said to the bad man, "I can help you, but you should obey your words."
The bad man felt very happy and said, "I want a golden mountain. I will go there to gather gold." The young man drew a sea first. The bad man was angry and said," Why did you draw a sea? I do not want this. I want a golden mountain. Draw it quickly." Then the young man drew a golden mountain which was far away from the sea. The bad man saw that and felt very happy. He said, "Draw a big ship quickly. I want to go there to gather gold."
The young man smiled quietly and drew a big ship. The bad man jumped into the ship first and a lot of his family and friends jumped too. When the ship sailed to the middle of the sea, the young man drew a large wave and it destroyed the ship. So the bad man and his friends died.
Finally, the young man lived with his family happily and kept on helping the poor people. So the magic paintbrush was known by everyone.
求一篇70次左右的英语短文，介绍《神笔马良》的故事。
A long time ago, the boy Ma Liang got a magic pen. The images he drew with this magic pen will become real. He often uses this magic pen to help the poor. One day, a bad man took the magic pen, but the magic pen was not magical under his hands. So he asked Ma Liang to draw for him. As a result, Ma Liang killed the bad man with this magic pen.很久以前，男孩马良得到一支神笔，他用这支神笔画的像都会变成真的。他经常用这支神笔帮助穷人。一天，一个坏人拿走了神笔，但这支神笔在他的手下并无神奇。于是他叫马良为他画。结果，马良用这支神笔将这个坏人杀死。
关于巴西的英文简介
关于巴西的英文简介：The Federal Republic of Brazil, Brazil for short, derives its name from Brazilian mahogany. It is the largest country in South America and enjoys the reputation of "the Kingdom of Football". The total land area is 8.5149 million square kilometers, ranking fifth in the world. The total population is 208.6 million.It borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. Brazil is divided into 26 states and a federal district, with municipalities under the states. 关于巴西的中文简介：巴西联邦共和国，简称巴西，国名源于巴西红木。是南美洲最大的国家，享有“足球王国”的美誉。国土总面积851.49万平方公里，居世界第五。总人口2.086亿。与乌拉圭、阿根廷、巴拉圭、玻利维亚、秘鲁、哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉、圭亚那、苏里南、法属圭亚那十国接壤。巴西共分为26个州和1个联邦区，州下设市。扩展资料：巴西著名美食有：一、巴西烤肉巴西烤肉是巴西的国家招牌菜，在巴西的每个角落，烤肉都是能登大雅之堂的风味菜之一。这主要得益于巴西发达的畜牧业，肉多菜少，也是巴西饮食的一大特色。巴西人民惯常喜爱猪牛肉。一般富有的人家更多喜爱牛肉，反之，则以猪肉为主。烤肉是巴西著名的风味菜，每逢家宴、野餐都是必备的食物。二、巴西咖啡拉美大国巴西以咖啡质优、味浓而驰名全球，是世界上最大的咖啡生产国和出口国，素有“咖啡王国”之称。咖啡原产于非洲的埃塞俄比亚，1727年传入巴西。巴西位于南美洲东南，地处热带和亚热带，独特的地理和气候条件很适合种植咖啡，加之劳动力廉价，咖啡种植业迅速兴起。三、豆子炖肉豆子炖肉，顾名思义是以豆类和肉烹煮而成。巴西除南部外，大都以豆类为主食，这直接决定了人们的食材取材范围，也使豆类堂而皇之的进入了巴西菜系。豆子炖肉是巴西的全民大菜，是人们日常食用的家常菜之一。参考资料来源：百度百科—巴西
急求~~~巴西足球英文简介
简介
Association football is the most prominent sport in Brazil. The National Team has won the FIFA World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002 [1] and is the only team to succeed in qualifying for every World Cup competition ever held, and to be among the favorites to win the trophy every time the competition is scheduled. Pelé, one of the most recognized footballers in history, led Brazil to three of those championships and is the top scorer of all time in the sport. After Brazil won its third World Cup, they kept the Jules Rimet Trophy permanently. All of the contemporary talents in the national team prominent in the football world include Robinho, Ronaldinho, and Kaká, as well as Marta in the women's game. Some of these players can be considered super-stars, achieving celebrity status internationally and signing sports contracts, as well as advertisement and endorsement contracts, in the value of millions of euros.
历史
In the 1870s an expatriate named John Miller worked on the railway construction project in São Paulo together with some 3000 other immigrant families from the British Isles in the last decades of the 19th century. In 1884 Miller sent his ten year old son Charles William Miller to Bannisters school in Southampton, England to be educated. Charles was a skilled athlete who quickly picked up the game of football at the time when the Football League was still being formed, and as an accomplished winger and striker Charles held school honours that gained him entry into the Southampton Football Club team and later into the County team of Hampshire.
In 1888, the first sports club was founded in the city, São Paulo Athletic Club.
In 1892 while still in England, Charles was invited to play a game for the Corinthians, a team formed of players invited from public schools and universities.
On his return to Brazil Charles brought some football equipment and a rules book with him. He then developed the new rules of the game amongst the community in São Paulo. São Paulo Athletic Club won the first three years championships. Miller's skills were far above his colleagues at this stage. He was given the honour of contributing his name to a move involving a deft flick of the ball with the heel "Chaleiro".
Charles Miller kept a strong bond with English football throughout his life. Teams from Southampton and Corinthians Club travelled to Brazil to play against São Paulo Athletic Club and other teams in São Paulo. After a tour of Corinthians to Brazil in 1910 a new team in Brazil took on the name of Corinthians after a suggestion from Miller.
The Brazilian Football Confederation was founded in 1914, and the current format for the Campeonato Brasileiro was established in 1971.
In 1988 São Paulo Athletic Club celebrated its centenary playing the English side Corinthians at Morumbi Stadium. English Corinthian finish its tour by going against the local professional Corinthians Paulista team, who counted the likes of Sócrates and Rivelino amongst its roster, at Pacaembu Stadium in São Paulo and true to Corinthian principles of good clean football the score was 1 to 0 in favour of the locals when as agreed Socrates changed shirts to play alongside the English amateurs. This did not affect the score unfortunately although a largely packed stadium was cheering on for a drawn result.
It was announced that on September 29, 2007 that the CBF will launch a women's league and cup competition in October 2007 following pressure from FIFA president Sepp Blatter during the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China.
足球文化
Football quickly became a passion for Brazilians, who often refer to their country as "o país do futebol" ("the country of football"). Over 10,000 Brazilians play professionally all over the world.[5]
Football has a major effect on Brazilian culture. It is the favorite pastime of youngsters playing football on streets. The World Cup draws Brazilians together, with people skipping work to view the national team play, or employers setting up apparatus for employees to watch. The general elections are usually held in the same year as the World Cup, and critics argue that political parties try to take advantage of the nationalistic surge created by football and bring it into politics. Former footballers are often elected to legislative positions.
One unique aspect of football in Brazil is the importance of the Brazilian state championships. For much of the early development of the game in Brazil, the nation's size and the lack of rapid transport made national competitions infeasible, so the competition centered on state tournaments and such inter-state competitions as the Torneio Rio-São Paulo. Even today, despite the existence of a national tournament, the state tournaments continue to be hotly contested and the intrastate rivalries remain intense.
洋务运动,戊戌变法,辛亥革命,新文化运动的时间......
洋务运动（1861—1894）
代表人物：曾国藩、李鸿章、张之洞
影响：洋务运动客观上促进了中国民族资本主义的发展和民族资产阶级的壮大，对中国现代化奠定了一定的基础，是中国近代化的开端。
戊戌变法（1898 戊戌年）
代表人物：康有为、梁启超、谭嗣同
影响：戊戌变法是中国近代历史上第一次思想启蒙运动，它要求政治改良，学习西方，顺应了历史发展的趋势。它促进了西方思想文化的传播，在客观上为辛亥革命奠定了基础。
辛亥革命（1911 辛亥年）
代表人物：孙中山、黄兴、宋教仁
影响：辛亥革命推翻了清王朝的统治，结束了中国两千多年的封建帝制，建立了中华民国，颁布了第一步资产阶级宪法《临时约法》，使民主共和的观念深入人心。辛亥革命是中国近代化历程中一座显著的里程碑。
新文化运动（1915—1920）
代表人物：陈独秀、李大钊、鲁迅、胡适
影响：新文化运动是一场伟大的思想解放运动。它动摇了封建思想统治地位的根基，使民主科学广泛传播，为新思潮在中国的传播和发展开辟了道路，使人们的思想得到空前的解放。运动后期促进了马克思主义在中国的转播，成为宣传马克思主义和俄国十月革命的思想运动，也为五四运动的爆发作了思想准备。 洋务运动
第一，在不触动腐朽的封建制度的前提下，洋务派试图利用西方资本主义的某些长处来维护封建专制统治，这种手段和基础的矛盾，使洋务运动注定是不可能成功的。同时，洋务运动处处受到顽固派的阻挠和破坏，从而加大了洋务运动开展的阻力。
第二，洋务派本身的阶级局限性，决定了他们既是近代工业的创办者和经营者，也是其摧残者和破坏者，其封建衙门和官僚式的体制，必定导致洋务企业的失败。
第三，洋务运动的目的之一是抵御外侮，但洋务派在主持外交活动中，坚持“外须和戎”，对外妥协投降，他们所创办的近代企业有抵御外侮和“稍分洋人之利”作用，但却不能改变中国半殖民地半封建社会地位。 甲午战争，洋务派标榜的“求强”“求富”目标未能实现，洋务运动基本失败。
第四，当时的大多数中国人对洋务知之甚少，思想还处于被愚昧迷信和封建礼教束缚的阶段。
戊戌变法
失败的根本原因是由于这场变法的领导者资产阶级维新派（资本主义发展不充分，导致该阶级具有软弱性和妥协性，具体表现为）①势力过于弱小，而顽固势力十分强大；②缺乏坚强的组织领导，依靠的是一个没有实权的皇帝；③维新派没有势力，又不能发动广大的人民群众；④对帝国主义列强抱有不切实际的幻想。 变法失败的教训证明，在半殖民地半封建的中国，资产阶级改良主义道路是行不通的。 新文化运动
（1）动摇了封建思想的统治地位。新文化运动前，资产阶级维新（改良）派和革命派，在宣传各自的政治观点时，都没有彻底地批判封建思想。经过新文化运动，封建思想遭到前所未有的冲击批判，人们的思想得到空前的解放。
（2）民主和科学思想得到弘扬。中国知识分子在新文化运动中，受到一次西方民主和科学思想的洗礼。这就为新思潮的传播开辟了道路，也推动了中国自然科学事业的发展。
（3）为五四运动的爆发作了思想准备。新文化运动启发了民众的民主主义觉悟，对五四爱国运动起了宣传动员作用。
（4）后期传播的社会主义思想，启发了中国先进的知识分子，使他们选择和接受了马克思主义，作为拯救国家、改造社会和推进革命的思想武器。这是新文化运动最重要的成果。 （5）有利于文化的普及和繁荣。新文化运动提倡白话文，能够使语言和文字更紧密地统一起来，为广大民众所接受，从而有利于文化的普及与繁荣。
不过，新文化运动中的先进分子，大多有一些偏激情绪，对东西方文化的看法，存在着绝对肯定或绝对否定的偏向，这种看法一直影响到后来。其实无论是东方或西方，都应该互相地取长补短，这样才能共同进步。辛亥革命